Skin Cancer

What is Skin Cancer?

Skin cancer is a disease that involves the abnormal growth of skin cells. It typically develops on areas of your skin exposed to the sun, but can also occur on parts not ordinarily exposed to sunlight. This condition arises when errors (mutations) occur in the DNA of skin cells, causing them to grow out of control and form a mass of cancer cells.

The outer layer of your skin, called the epidermis, is where skin cancer begins. It’s crucial to understand that skin cancer can spread to nearby tissue or other areas of your body if not caught early. While some abnormal cell growths may be noncancerous (benign) and don’t spread or cause harm, cancerous growths require prompt attention.

By understanding what skin cancer is and its types, you’re taking the first step toward better skin health and early detection.

What Does Skin Cancer Look Like

Skin cancer can have various appearances, making it crucial for you to be aware of any changes in your skin. The look of skin cancer often depends on its type.

Different Types of Skin Cancer & Symptoms

Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)

Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for 75-80% of all cases. It develops in the basal cells of your skin’s outer layer (epidermis). BCC typically grows slowly and rarely spreads to other parts of your body. However, if left untreated, it can grow into nearby tissue.

Symptoms of BCC include:

1. A pearly or waxy bump
2. A flat, flesh-colored or brown scar-like lesion
3. A bleeding or scabbing sore that heals and returns
4. A small, sometimes shiny bump or scaly flat patch that slowly grows over time

BCC most commonly appears on areas exposed to the sun, such as your face, scalp, ears, neck, and arms.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)

Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common type of skin cancer, making up about 20% of all cases. It starts in the squamous cells of your skin’s outer layer. SCC grows more quickly than BCC and has a higher likelihood of spreading to deeper layers of skin or other parts of your body.

Signs of SCC include:

1. A firm, red nodule
2. A flat lesion with a scaly, crusted surface
3. A rough, scaly patch on the lip that may become an open sore
4. A sore or rough patch inside the mouth

SCC often develops on sun-exposed areas but can also occur on injured or inflamed skin.

Melanoma

Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It develops in the melanocytes, the cells that produce melanin (the pigment that gives your skin its color). While less common than BCC and SCC, melanoma is more likely to spread rapidly if not caught early.

To identify melanoma, remember the ABCDE rule:

1. Asymmetry: One half doesn’t match the other
2. Border: Irregular, ragged, or blurred edges
3. Color: Varied shades of brown, black, or tan; sometimes red, white, or blue
4. Diameter: Larger than 6 millimeters (about 1/4 inch)
5. Evolving: Changes in size, shape, or color over time

Melanoma can occur anywhere on your body, including areas not typically exposed to the sun.

How to Know if You Have Skin Cancer

To identify potential skin cancer, it’s crucial to be vigilant about changes in your skin. Here are key steps to help you recognize possible signs of skin cancer:

1. Regular self-examinations: Check your skin monthly in a well-lit room using a full-length mirror and a hand-held mirror for hard-to-see areas.
2. Look for the ABCDEs of melanoma:
   • Asymmetry: One half doesn’t match the other
   • Border: Irregular, ragged, or blurred edges
   • Color: Varied shades or uneven distribution of color
   • Diameter: Larger than 6 mm (about 1/4 inch)
   • Evolving: Changes in size, shape, or color over time
3. Be aware of the “Ugly Duckling” sign: Look for moles or spots that stand out or look different from surrounding moles.
4. Watch for these warning signs:
   • New spots or moles
   • Sores that don’t heal or that heal and return
   • Changes in existing moles (growth, swelling, itching)
   • Spots that look unusual compared to others on your body

If you notice any of these signs, it’s important to consult a dermatologist promptly. They may perform the following:

1. Physical examination: The doctor will examine the suspicious area, noting its size, shape, color, and texture. They may also check nearby lymph nodes.
2. Skin biopsy: If a spot looks concerning, the doctor will perform a biopsy, removing the suspicious area for laboratory analysis.

Remember, early detection significantly increases the chances of successful treatment. When in doubt, it’s always best to seek professional medical advice.

Skin Cancer Treatment

The treatment for skin cancer depends on various factors, including the type, stage, and location of the cancer. Your treatment team will discuss your options with you, weighing the benefits against potential risks and side effects.

Treatment options for basal and squamous cell skin cancers may include:

1. Surgery
2. Non-surgical local treatments
3. Radiation therapy
4. Systemic chemotherapy
5. Targeted therapy
6. Immunotherapy (for advanced cases)

Most basal and squamous cell cancers, as well as pre-cancers, can be cured with minor surgery or other local treatments. Your treatment team may include different types of doctors, such as:

• Dermatologists
• Surgical oncologists
• Medical oncologists
• Radiation oncologists

When deciding on a treatment plan, consider factors like:

• The type and location of your skin cancer
• The likelihood of curing your cancer
• Your age and overall health
• Possible side effects, including scars or changes in appearance

Different Skin Cancer Stages

Staging is crucial for determining the extent of the cancer and planning appropriate treatment. For superficial skin cancers like basal cell carcinoma, a biopsy that removes the entire growth is often sufficient for staging. However, for larger squamous cell carcinomas, Merkel cell carcinomas, or melanomas, additional tests may be necessary.

Skin cancer stages are typically represented using Roman numerals I through IV:

The staging system may vary slightly for skin cancers on the eyelid. Understanding the stage of your skin cancer helps determine the most effective treatment options for your specific case.

How to Prevent Skin Cancer

Preventing skin cancer primarily involves protecting your skin from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. These rays come from the sun, tanning beds, and sunlamps, and can damage your skin cells. To lower your risk of skin cancer, you need to shield your skin from UV exposure and avoid artificial sources of UV radiation.

Here are some effective ways to prevent skin cancer:

1. Seek shade: Stay out of direct sunlight, especially between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. when UV rays are strongest.
2. Cover up: Wear clothing that covers your arms and legs. Choose a wide-brimmed hat to protect your face, head, ears, and neck.
3. Use sunscreen: Apply a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or higher. Reapply every two hours or after swimming or sweating.
4. Wear sunglasses: Choose wraparound sunglasses that block both UVA and UVB rays to protect your eyes and surrounding skin.
5. Avoid tanning beds: Indoor tanning exposes you to intense UV radiation, increasing your risk of skin cancer.

Remember, UV protection is crucial year-round, not just during summer. UV rays can reach you even on cloudy days and reflect off surfaces like water, cement, sand, and snow.

When the UV index is 3 or higher, take extra precautions to protect your skin. By following these prevention strategies, you can significantly reduce your risk of developing skin cancer and maintain healthier skin overall.

FAQs

Does skin cancer itch?

An itchy skin rash could be a warning sign of skin cancer, but it’s important to note that itching is very common and can occur for many reasons other than cancer. Possible explanations include dry skin, eczema, contact dermatitis, insect bites, or allergic reactions to medications or cosmetics.

Itchy skin alone is usually not a cause for concern. However, if the itching is accompanied by other symptoms, it might be a sign of skin cancer. Watch out for:

1. A new skin growth or lesion
2. Changes in existing moles
3. Sores that don’t heal
4. Rough or scaly skin patches
5. Pink, pearly bumps that bleed easily

When itching is related to skin cancer, it’s typically associated with non-melanoma types, such as squamous cell carcinoma or basal cell carcinoma. These cancers often don’t cause noticeable symptoms until they’ve grown quite large. At that point, they may itch, bleed, or even hurt.

Is skin cancer deadly?

Skin cancer has the potential to be fatal, but the likelihood depends on several factors, including the type of skin cancer, how early it’s detected, and your overall health.

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are typically not life-threatening when diagnosed and treated early. However, if left untreated and allowed to spread, they can become more challenging to treat.

Melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer due to its high potential to spread to other parts of the body. The outlook for melanoma depends on the stage at diagnosis:

Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving the chances of successful treatment and survival for all types of skin cancer. If you notice any suspicious changes in your skin, consult a dermatologist promptly for evaluation.

Conclusion

Understanding and protecting against skin cancer is vital for maintaining overall health. By recognizing the different types, identifying warning signs, and knowing when to seek professional help, we can take proactive steps to safeguard our skin. Regular self-examinations and dermatologist visits play a crucial role in early detection, greatly improving treatment outcomes.

Embracing sun-safe habits and making informed choices about UV exposure are key to reducing skin cancer risk. By incorporating these practices into our daily routines, we can enjoy outdoor activities while minimizing potential harm to our skin. Schedule your appointment now to ensure your skin’s health is in expert hands. Remember, being proactive about skin health is not just about prevention; it’s about fostering a lifelong commitment to overall well-being.